korean language training in chennai

Tuesday, 23 August 2016

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Koreanic languages

The Koreanic languages are a language family consisting of the modern Korean language together with extinct ancient relatives closer to it than to any proposed links with Mongolic, Turkic, Tungusic, or Japanese. korean language classes in chennai. Among extant languages, Korean is considered by most linguists to be a language isolate, and by others as part of the widely rejected Altaic family. The Jeju language of Jeju Island, considered by some as a dialect of modern Korean, is distinct enough to be considered a language in its own right by other authorities. Some consider that rather than being a language isolate, Korean forms a small language family together with Jeju. korean language classes in chennai.

Classification

The periodization of the historical stages of Korean is as follows:

Before 1st century: Proto-Korean

1st to 10th century: Old Korean

10th to 16th century: Middle Korean

17th century to present: Modern Korean

Ancient Koreanic languages

Several ancient languages of the Korean peninsula—Silla, Buyeo, Goguryeo, Dongye, Okjeo, Baekje, Gojoseon and Ye-Maek—may have been ancestral to, related to, or part of Old Korean. korean language classes in chennai. Two branches are sometimes posited, Buyeo and Han.

Modern Koreanic languages

Modern Korean is traditionally considered a single language. korean language classes in chennai. However, Jeju (Cheju) is sometimes classified as a distinct language, for example in the UNESCO atlas on endangered languages. If that is accepted, there are two modern Koreanic languages, Jeju and Korean proper.

North–South differences in the Korean language

The Korean language has changed between the two states due to the length of time that North and South Korea have been separated. korean language classes in chennai.

Korean orthography, as defined by the Korean Language Society in 1933 in the "Proposal for Unified Korean Orthography" continued to be used by the North and the South after liberation of Korea in 1945, but with the establishments of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in 1948, the two states have taken on differing policies regarding the language. In 1954, North Korea set out the rules for Korean orthography. korean language classes in chennai. Although this was only a minor revision in orthography that created little difference from that used in the South, from then on, the standard language in the North and the South gradually differed more and more from each other.

In the 1960s, under the influence of the Juche ideology came a big change in linguistic policies in North Korea. On 3 January 1964, Kim Il-sung issued his teachings on "A Number of Issues on the Development of the Korean language", and on 14 May 1966 on the topic "In Rightly Advancing the National Characteristics of the Korean language", from which the "Standard Korean Language" rules followed in the same year, issued by the National Language Revision Committee that was directly under the control of the cabinet. korean language classes in chennai. From then on, more important differences came about between the standard language in the North and the South. In 1987, North Korea revised the aforementioned rules further, and these have remained in use until today. In addition, the rules for spacing were separately laid out in the "Standard Spacing Rules in Writing Korean" in 2000 but have since been superseded by "Rules for Spacing in Writing Korean", issued in 2003.

South Korea continued to use the Hangeul Matchumbeop Tong-iran as defined in 1933, until its amendment "Korean Orthography", together with "Standard Language Regulations", were issued in 1988, which remain in use today.

Pronunciation

The standard languages in the North and the South share the same types and the same number of phonemes, but there are some differences in the actual pronunciations. korean language classes in chennai. The South Korean standard pronunciation is based on the dialect as spoken in Seoul, and the North Korean standard pronunciation is based on the dialect as spoken in Pyongyang.

Classification

The majority of historical linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. There are still a small number who think that Korean might be related to the putative Altaic language grouping, but linguists agree today that typological resemblances cannot be used to prove genetic relatedness of languages, as these features are typologically connected and easily borrowed from one language to the other. best korean classes in chennai. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolian's exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a genetic relationship is unlikely.

The hypothesis that Korean might be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller. best korean classes in chennai. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list. Some linguists concerned with the issue, for example Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities between Japanese and Korean are not due to any genetic relationship, but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese. A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning "hemp". best korean classes in chennai. This word seems to be a cognate, but although it is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyu, in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three subdialects of the South-Ryukyuan dialect group. best korean classes in chennai. Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyu. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term.

Among ancient languages, various closer relatives of Korean have been proposed, constituting a possible small Koreanic language family. best korean classes in chennai. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language.

There were tones in Middle Korean.

The creation of the Hunminjeongeum, the original name of Hangul, was begun in 1443, and promulgated in September or October 1446 by Sejong the Great, the 4th king of the Joseon Dynasty. best korean classes in chennai.

Hunminjeongeum was an entirely new and native script for the Korean language and people. best korean classes in chennai. The script was initially named after the publication, but later came to be known as Hangul. It was created so that the common people illiterate in hanja could accurately and easily read and write the Korean language. Its supposed publication date, October 9, is now "Hangul Day" in South Korea.

Current usage

East Asia

Korea

Today, South Koreans use Hanguk to refer to just South Korea or Korea as a whole, Namhan ("South Han") for South Korea, and Bukhan ("North Han") for North Korea. South Korea less formally refers to North Korea as Ibuk ("The North"). In addition the official name for the Republic of Korea in the Korean language is "Dae Han Minguk" ("The Republic of Korea").

North Koreans use Choson, Namjoson ("South Choson"), and Bukchoson ("North Choson") when referring to Korea, South Korea, and North Korea, respectively. The term Bukchoson, however, is rarely used in the north, although it may be found in the Song of General Kim Il-sung.

In the tourist regions in North Korea and the official meetings between South Korea and North Korea, Namcheuk and Bukcheuk, or "Southern Side" and "Northern Side", are used instead of Namhan and Bukhan.

The Korean language is called Hangugeo or Hangukmal in the South and Chosonmal or Chosono in the North. korean training institute in chennai. The Korean script is called hangeul in South Korea and Choson'gul in North Korea. The Korean Peninsula is called Hanbando in the South and Choson Pando in the North.

Chinese-speaking areas

In Chinese-speaking areas such as mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, different naming conventions on several terms have been practiced according to their political proximity to whichever Korean government although there is a growing trend for convergence.

In the Chinese language, the Korean Peninsula is usually called Cháoxian Bàndao and in rare cases called Hán Bàndao. korean training institute in chennai. Ethnic Koreans are also called Cháoxianzú, instead of Dàhán mínzú. However, the term Hánguó ren may be used to specifically refer to South Koreans.

Before establishing diplomatic relations with South Korea, the People's Republic of China tended to use the historic Korean name Cháoxian ("Joseon"), by referring to South Korea as Nán Cháoxian ("South Joseon"). korean training institute in chennai. Since diplomatic ties were restored, China has used the names that each of the two sides prefer, by referring to North Korea as Cháoxian and to South Korea as Hánguó ("Hanguo"). The Korean language can be referred to as either Cháoxianyu or Hányu. The Korean War is also referred as Cháoxian Zhànzheng in official documents but it is also popular to use hánzhàn colloquially.

Taiwan, on the other hand, uses the South Korean names, referring to North Korean as Beihán ("North Han") and South Korean as Nánhán ("South Han"). The Republic of China previously maintained diplomatic relations with South Korea, but has never had relations with North Korea. korean training institute in chennai. As a result, in the past, Hánguó had been used to refer to the whole Korea, and Taiwanese textbooks treated Korea as a unified nation. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China under the Democratic Progressive Party Government considered North and South Koreas two separate countries. However, general usage in Taiwan is still to refer to North Korea as Beihán ("North Han") and South Korea as Nánhán ("South Han") while use of Cháoxian is generally limited to ancient Korea. The Korean language is usually referred to as Hányu.

Similarly, general usage in Hong Kong and Macau has traditionally referred to North Korea as Bak Hon ("North Han") and South Korea as Nam Hon ("South Han"). korean training institute in chennai. Under the influence of official usage, which is itself influenced by the official usage of the People's Republic of China government, the mainland practice of naming the two Koreas differently has become more common.

In the Chinese language used in Singapore and Malaysia, North Korea is usually called Cháoxian ("Choson") with Bei Cháoxian ("North Choson") and Beihán ("North Han") less often used, while South Korea is usually called Hánguó ("Hanguk") with Nánhán ("South Han") and Nán Cháoxian ("South Choson") less often used.

The above usage pattern does not apply for Korea-derived words. For example, Korean ginseng is commonly called Gaolì shen.

Japan

In Japan, the name preferred by each of the two sides for itself is used, so that North Korea is called Kita-Chosen ("North Choson") and South Korea Kankoku ("Hanguk").

However, Japan-based North Koreans claim the name Kita-Chosen is derogatory, as it only refers to the northern part of Korean Peninsula, whereas the government claims the sovereignty over its whole territory. Pro-North people such as Chongryon use the name Kyowakoku ("the Republic") instead, but the ambiguous name is not popular among others. In 1972 Chongryon campaigned to get the Japanese media to stop referring to North Korea as Kita-Chosen. korean training institute in chennai. This effort was not successful, but as a compromise most media companies agreed to refer to the nation with its full official title at least once in every article, thus they used the lengthy Kita-Chosen (Chosen Minshu-shugi Jinmin Kyowakoku) "North Choson (The People's Democratic Republic of Choson)"). By January 2003, this policy started to be abandoned by most newspapers, starting with Tokyo Shimbun, which announced that it would no longer write out the full name, followed by Asahi, Mainichi, and Nikkei.

Dialects

Korean has numerous small local dialects (called mal [literally "speech"], saturi, or bang'eon in Korean). korean language training institute in chennai. The standard language (pyojuneo or pyojunmal) of both South Korea and North Korea is based on the dialect of the area around Seoul, though the northern standard has been influenced by the dialect of P'yongyang. All dialects of Korean language are similar to each other and at least partially mutually intelligible, though the dialect of Jeju Island is divergent enough to be sometimes classified as a separate language. korean language training institute in chennai. One of the more salient differences between dialects is the use of tone: speakers of Seoul dialect make use of vowel length, whereas speakers of the Gyeongsang dialect maintain the pitch accent of Middle Korean. Some dialects are conservative, maintaining Middle Korean sounds which have been lost from the standard language, whereas others are highly innovative.

There is substantial evidence for a history of extensive dialect levelling, or even convergent evolution or intermixture of two or more originally distinct linguistic stocks, within the Korean language and its dialects. korean language training institute in chennai. Many Korean dialects have basic vocabulary that is etymologically distinct from vocabulary of identical meaning in Standard Korean or other dialects. This suggests that the Korean Peninsula may have at one time been much more linguistically diverse than it is at present.

Nonetheless, the separation of the two Korean nations has resulted in increasing differences among the dialects that have emerged over time. Since the allies of the newly founded nations split the Korean peninsula in half after 1945, the newly formed Korean nations have since borrowed vocabulary extensively from their respective allies. korean language training institute in chennai. As the Soviet Union helped industrialize North Korea and establish it as a communist state, the North Koreans would therefore borrow a number of Russian terms. Likewise, since the United States helped South Korea extensively to develop militarily, economically, and politically, South Koreans would therefore borrow extensively from English. korean language training institute in chennai. The differences among northern and southern dialects have become so significant that many North Korean defectors reportedly have had great difficulty communicating with South Koreans after having initially settled into South Korea.

Aside from the standard language, there are few clear boundaries between Korean dialects, and they are typically partially grouped according to the regions of Korea.

History of Korean

The Korean language is attested from the early centuries of the Common Era in Chinese script. korean language courses in chennai. The featural Korean script was introduced only in the Middle Korean period, in the 15th century.

The periodization of the historical stages of Korean is as follows:

Before 1st century: Proto-Korean

1st to 10th century: Old Korean

10th to 16th century: Middle Korean

17th century to present: Modern Korean

Proto-Korean

Controversy remains over the proposed classification of Korean as Altaic. Korean being a language isolate, "Proto-Korean" is not a well-defined term, referring to the language spoken in Prehistoric Korea during the Bronze and Iron Age.

The author, Homer B. Hulbert, claimed the Korean language was Ural-Altaic in his book, The History of Korea (1905). The classification of Korean as Altaic was introduced by Gustaf John Ramstedt (1928), but even within the Altaic hypothesis, the position of Korean relative to Japonic is unclear. korean language courses in chennai. A possible Korean–Japonic grouping within Altaic has been discussed by Samuel E. Martin, Roy Andrew Miller and Sergei Starostin, but others, notably Alexander Vovin, interpret the affinities between Korean and Japanese as an effect caused by geographic proximity.

Old Korean

Old Korean corresponds to the Korean language from the beginning of Three Kingdoms period to the latter part of the North South States period, approximately from 1st to 10th century. korean language courses in chennai. Use of Classical Chinese by Koreans began in the 4th century or earlier, and phonological writing in Idu script was developed by the 6th century.

It is unclear whether Old Korean may have been a tonal language. It is assumed that Old Korean was divided into dialects, corresponding to the three kingdoms. These hypothetical subdivisions of Old Korean are also known as Buyeo languages. Of these, the Silla language is the best attested due to the political domination of Unified Silla by the 7th century.

Only some literary records of Unified Silla, changed into Goryeo text, are extant and some texts (written in their native writing system) of the Three Kingdoms period are mostly available in form of inscriptions at present. korean language courses in chennai. Thus, the languages of the Three Kingdoms period are generally examined through official government names and local district names.

The point at which Old Korean became Middle Korean is assessed variously by different scholars. The line is sometimes drawn in the late Goryeo dynasty, and sometimes around the 15th century in the early Joseon Dynasty. But it is usually thought that Middle Korea started at the establishment of Goryeo, and the standard language of Old Korean was changed from the Silla dialect to the Goryeo dialect.

Names of Korea

There are various names of Korea in use today, derived from ancient kingdoms and dynasties. korean speaking courses in chennai. The modern English name Korea is an exonym derived from the Goryeo period and is used by both North Korea and South Korea in international contexts. In the Korean language, the two Koreas use different terms to refer to the nominally unified nation: Choson in North Korea, and Hanguk in South Korea.

History

The earliest records of Korean history are written in Chinese characters called hanja. Even after the invention of hangul, Koreans generally recorded native Korean names with hanja, by translation of meaning, transliteration of sound, or even combinations of the two. korean speaking courses in chennai. Furthermore, the pronunciations of the same character are somewhat different in Korean and the various Korean dialects, and have changed over time.

For all these reasons, in addition to the sparse and sometimes contradictory written records, it is often difficult to determine the original meanings or pronunciations of ancient names.

Ancient history

Joseon

Until 108 BC, northern Korea and Manchuria were controlled by Gojoseon. In contemporaneous Chinese records, it was written as, which is pronounced in modern Korean as Joseon. Go, meaning "ancient", distinguishes it from the later Joseon Dynasty. korean speaking courses in chennai. The name Joseon is also now still used by North Koreans and Koreans living in China to refer to the peninsula, and as the official Korean form of the name of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The word is also used in many Eurasian languages to refer to Korea, such as Japanese, Vietnamese, and Chinese.

Korean language

Korean is the official language of the Republic of Korea and Democratic People's Republic of Korea, with different official forms used in each nation-state; it is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the People's Republic of China. korean language training in chennai. Approximately 80 million people speak Korean worldwide.

Korean has a few extinct relatives, which together with Korean itself form the Koreanic language family. Despite this, historical linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. korean language training in chennai. The idea that Korean belongs to a putative Altaic language family has been generally discredited. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related languages. The Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax.

Names

The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North and South Korea. korean language training in chennai.

In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo , hanguk-mal and uri-mal . korean language training in chennai. In "hanguk-eo" and "hanguk-mal", the first part of the word, "hanguk", refers to the Korean nation while "-eo" and "-mal" mean "language" and "speech", respectively. korean language training in chennai
. Korean is also referred to as guk-eo . This name is based on the same Chinese characters that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages.

In North Korea and Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in China, the language is most often called Choson-mal, or more formally, Choson-o.

The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. korean language training in chennai
. Korean people in the former USSR, who refer to themselves as Koryo-saram.

In mainland China, following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxianyu has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian, whereas Hánguóyu is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. korean language training in chennai

Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the country, and its inflected form for the language and people, korean language training in chennai
. "Korea" becoming more popular in the late 1800s according to Google's NGram English corpus as of 2015.